In our increasingly globalised world, teaching a child a second language has become more important than ever.
Many parents, especially those from multilingual backgrounds or who speak different mother tongues, aim to provide their children with the cognitive and cultural benefits of being bilingual. Early exposure to a second language can enhance communication skills, cultural awareness, and even academic performance. This guide offers evidence-based tips to help parents effectively teach their young children a second language.
Utilise the Phonics Method
One study shows that the phonics method outperforms traditional methods in teaching young children English. Children aged 3-6 who learned through phonics scored higher in reading and writing tests than those taught traditionally. Phonics breaks down words into their component sounds, making it easier for children to understand and remember new vocabulary.
The phonics method involves teaching children the relationships between letters and sounds. Instead of learning whole words by sight, children learn to decode words by sounding them out. For example, a child learns that the letter “b” makes a “buh” sound, and the letter “a” makes an “ah” sound. By blending these sounds together, the child can read the word “bat.” This systematic approach helps children to build their reading skills incrementally. For parents teaching a child a second language, integrating phonics can enhance the child’s ability to read and pronounce new words correctly.
Implement Fun and Interactive Sessions
Short, frequent sessions are highly effective for very young children. Research shows that sessions of about 15 minutes, filled with games, songs, and engaging activities, help maintain children’s interest and enthusiasm. Interactive sessions make learning enjoyable and less intimidating for young children. They feel more comfortable and confident when they know what to expect and receive frequent encouragement.
Incorporating fun elements into teaching a child a second language can significantly boost their learning experience. Games can include simple vocabulary matching or language-based puzzles. Songs in the target language help with pronunciation and memorisation. Additionally, storytelling sessions where children act out parts of the story can enhance comprehension and retention. The key is to keep activities varied and engaging to sustain the child’s interest and motivation.
Total Physical Response (TPR)
Total Physical Response (TPR) is an effective method for teaching a child a second language. This technique involves using physical movement to react to verbal input, significantly improving language acquisition. One study demonstrated that TPR was more effective than the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) in teaching a second language to children aged 3-4.
In TPR, children respond to commands that require physical movement. For example, when the teacher says “jump,” the children jump. This method links language learning with physical activity, making it a dynamic and engaging way to learn. It helps children to better remember and understand new vocabulary and phrases through action. TPR also reduces stress and anxiety, making learning more enjoyable and effective for young children.
Early Introduction
Introducing a second language before the age of seven leads to better fluency. Research indicates that children who begin learning a second language before age seven often achieve native-like proficiency. Those starting between ages eight and ten show nearly native-like fluency. However, starting after age ten results in noticeably less fluency.
Early introduction takes advantage of the brain’s plasticity during the critical period of language development. Younger children can easily mimic sounds and adopt pronunciation without the accent typical in later learners. Parents can start by integrating the second language into daily routines, such as using it during playtime, meals, or bedtime stories. This consistent, natural exposure helps lay a strong foundation for fluency in the second language.
Maintain Routine and Consistency
Regularly integrating the second language into daily routines enhances learning and retention. A study on bilingual preschoolers found that targeted early literacy interventions improved preliteracy skills in both the first and second languages.
To maintain consistency:
- Daily Reading Sessions: Set aside time each day to read books in the second language. Choose age-appropriate stories to keep your child engaged.
- Language Use in Activities: Incorporate the second language during routine activities such as cooking, shopping, or playing games. For example, name ingredients in the second language while cooking together.
- Songs and Rhymes: Use songs and rhymes in the second language during playtime. Music helps with memorisation and pronunciation.
- Bilingual Media: Introduce your child to television shows, apps, and games in the second language. This provides exposure to native speakers and different accents.
- Consistent Practice: Repetition is key. Regularly revisit new words and phrases to reinforce learning and build a robust vocabulary.
By embedding the second language in everyday routines, children can learn naturally and effectively, making it an integral part of their daily lives.
Create a Positive and Supportive Environment
Research shows that children learning in a fun and encouraging setting are more likely to develop a positive attitude towards the language, which enhances their learning outcomes.
To foster a supportive environment:
- Encouragement and Praise: Regularly praise your child’s efforts and progress, no matter how small. Positive reinforcement boosts their confidence and motivation.
- Engaging Materials: Use colourful books, interactive apps, and engaging videos to make learning enjoyable. Materials that capture your child’s interest can make the learning process more fun.
- Interactive Activities: Involve your child in activities that require using the second language, such as role-playing, storytelling, or language-based games. Interactive learning helps in better retention.
- Cultural Exposure: Introduce your child to the culture associated with the language. This can include cooking traditional foods, celebrating cultural holidays, or listening to music from that culture. Understanding the cultural context enhances language learning.
- Patience and Understanding: Be patient and understanding as your child navigates learning a new language. Avoid pressuring them to perform and allow them to learn at their own pace.
Embracing the Journey of Bilingualism
Teaching a child a second language is not just about learning new words; it’s about opening doors to diverse cultures, perspectives, and opportunities. The journey can be filled with joyful moments of discovery and growth.
Watching your child use a second language in creative ways, making friends from different backgrounds, and appreciating global cultures are some of the enriching experiences that come with bilingualism.
Remember, the process may have its challenges, but the rewards are lifelong. Embrace this journey with patience and enthusiasm, knowing that you’re giving your child a valuable gift that will benefit them in countless ways throughout their life.
References
- Karimkhanlooei, G., & Seifiniya, H. (2015). Teaching Alphabet, Reading and Writing for Kids between 3-6 Years Old as a Second Language. Procedia: Social & Behavioral Sciences, 192, 769–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.090
- Yuliawati, F. (2015). Teaching English To Kid At Home. 3(2), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.31102/wacanadidaktika.3.2.100-111
- Wang, Y. (2023). The Effects of TPR on the Second Language Learning of 3-4-year-old Children. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 20(1), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/20/20231474
- Louis, S. (2009). How should we teach a second language? 5 To 7 Educator, 2009(58), 12. https://doi.org/10.12968/ftse.2009.8.10.44274
- Farver, J. a. M., Lonigan, C. J., & Eppe, S. (2009). Effective Early Literacy Skill Development for Young Spanish‐Speaking English Language Learners: An Experimental Study of Two Methods. Child Development, 80(3), 703–719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01292.x
